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Andrew Halyburton (before 1490 – 1507) was a Scottish merchant. ==Conservator of Scottish trading privileges== Andrew Halyburton was stationed at Middelburg in Flanders where he was 'Conservator of the Scottish Staple,' or 'Conservator of the Scottish privileges in the Low Countries.' A surviving letter in French calls him, 'Conservateur de la Nasion des Eschosoys a Midelburg.'〔C. Innes, ed., ''Ledger of Andrew Halyburton'', (Edinburgh, HM Register House, 1867), p. xx & illustrated frontispiece.〕 This consular role administered to the Scottish import and export trade with the county of Flanders. However, few official Scottish or Flemish records of Andrew's administration survive.〔J. Davidson & A. Gray, ''Scottish Staple at Veere'', (London, Longmans, 1909), pp. 137, 173, 363〕 In two letters to the town of Middelburg James IV of Scotland called Andrew 'our merchant' and 'the King's familiar servant,' and 'privilegiorum nationis in istis terris conservator,' - conservator of our nation's privileges in your lands. The letters reminded the council of Middelburg of Andrew's jurisdictions over Scottish trade issues, and how he should speak in their courts on behalf of Scottish sailors and captains.〔H. J. Smit, (''Bronnen tot de geschiedenis van den handel met Engeland, Schotland en Ierland 1150–1585'' ('s-Gravenhage, 1942), p. 114 no. 156 ), transcript of British Library, London: Royal MS. 13 B II, fol. 7: Smit (1942), pp. 107-8 no. 144, another royal letter regarding Andrew from the archives of Middelburg.〕 One of Andrew's ledgers survives in which he recorded a series of accounts he opened with Scottish clients who sent money and goods to him in Flanders, often to fund special purchases. Some of the cargoes were carried in the ships of Andrew Barton of Leith.〔C. Innes, ed., (''Ledger of Andrew Halyburton'' (Edinburgh, 1867) )〕 Halyburton's ledger provides evidence on the exchange rates for the gold and silver coins used in international trade.〔M. M. Archibald, 'Coinage in Andrew Halyburton's Ledger,' in, ''Studies in Numismatic Method, Presented to Philip Grierson'', (CUP 1983), pp. 263-302〕 Primarily, Andrew's clients sent him wool or skins to sell. A letter from Andrew to a Scottish client survived with the ledger, advising hides would sell best at Eastertide 1502; he wrote, "Thar standis yet ii sekkis of woll of youris unsauld, and quhen thai are sauld, I shall send you your reckoning of all things between us. ... Please you to wit that here is an evil mercat, sa help me God, except your woll, ... Hydis, I trow, shall be the best merchandise that come here at Pasche, for thar is many folkis that speris (ask) about thaim."〔C. Innes, ed., ''Ledger'', (1867), p. xxi-xxii (slightly modernized here.)〕 The account for James Stewart, Duke of Ross and Archbishop of St Andrews, includes a payment apparently for letters sent to Margaret of York from Perkin Warbeck and the White Rose Lady Catherine Gordon in September 1497; 'Item, gyffyn Davy Rattrye quhen he passed to (blank) with the quhit ros lettrys to my lady, 10 shillings.'〔D. Dunlop,'The ''Masked Comedian'': Perkin Warbeck's Adventures in Scotland and England from 1495 to 1497', ''Scottish Historical Review'', vol. 70 no. 190 (October 1991), p. 121〕 The Duke of Ross sent money to Halyburton, which he banked with Cornelis Altanitis in Bruges, the money was to be paid out in Rome to purchase Papal Bulls. Halyburton also commissioned two carved stone tomb sculptures for the Duke, which he called 'throwchts.'〔A 'through-stone' was a grave slab, and the word also meant in the Scots language of the time a sheet of paper: ''Oxford English Dictionary''; 'through stone,' 'through n.,' 'throuch, Scots n.'〕 Andrew sent the stones to Veere in a barge he called a ''Schout'', from where they were shipped to Scotland.〔''Ledger'', p. lix, 214-8〕 Andrew bought painting materials in Antwerp for an Edinburgh merchant, Thomas Cant, in June 1497.〔Thomas Cant had sold cloth, clothes, and hats to the royal wardrobe since 1474, in that year, Master John Cant, probably his son, bought a Mass book for Margaret of Denmark, Queen of Scotland. ''Accounts Treasurer of Scotland'', vol. 1 (1877), 39〕 These included gold and silver leaf, vermilion, red lead and white lead.〔''Ledger'', (1867), p. 118〕 Andrew Halyburton hired a Flemish painter, 'Piers,' perhaps Peeken Bovelant, an apprentice of Goswijn van der Weyden, to come to Scotland and work for James IV in September 1505.〔J. E. A. Dawson, ''Scotland Re-Formed, 1488–1587'', (Edinburgh, 2007), p. 59: D. Ditchburn, ''Scotland and Europe, the medieval kingdom and its contacts with Christendom, c.1214–1545'', vol. 1 (Tuckwell, East Linton, 2001), p. 119〕 Few details are known of Piers' work, except his assistance in painting costumes and heraldry for tournaments, but the King gave him a salary and accommodation, and it is likely that Piers made portraits for the court.〔''Accounts of the Lord High Treasurer of Scotland'', vol. 3, (Edinburgh, 1901), p. xci, 173: M. Apted & S. Hannabuss, ''Painters in Scotland'', (Edinburgh, SRS & Edina Press, 1978), pp. 70-72〕 In Edinburgh, the churchman and lawyer Patrick Paniter acted on Andrew's behalf, enforcing the payment of rent at Andrew's house on the Royal Mile near the Mercat cross in May 1506. Andrew was described as an 'agent in Flanders.'〔''Protocol Book John Foular'', (1941), nos. 262, 279〕 On 31 December 1507, James IV appointed John Francis as 'Conservator of the Privileges in Flanders, Brabant, Zeeland, and Holland', to replace Andrew, who had died.〔''Register Great Seal of Scotland, 1488-159'', no. 1583: H. J. Smit (1942), p. 149 no. 211〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Andrew Halyburton」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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